战争：西方思想和实践的谱系（EPUB）

战争的概念是从军事的角度，但也从伦理、法律和哲学的角度。这些不同的分析视角对于理解战争的多个层面、战争所处的连续性——从小规模到大规模、从有限的时间或长时间、从破坏性较小到破坏性极大、目标和人口参与程度不同——都是必要的。
西方文明以二元的方式对战争进行了概念化，否认了战争在这些连续体上的各种表现形式。虽然二进制定义对于从法律上获取不同的条件是必要的，但它们妨碍了分析。二进制文件包括国家间战争和内战、正义战争和非正义战争（后者包括叛乱）、公民士兵和专业人员、平民和战斗人员。然而，现实大多跨越了这样的界限。即使是公民军队通常也包括专业人员，平民也被视为敌人，有时甚至被正式定义为敌人，规则也不符合二元区分，如果它们得到尊重的话。
虽然指导战争行为的习惯规则已经变成了国际法，但这是战争以一种相当线性的方式发展的唯一方面，而正义战争传统的兴起、消失和复兴绝不是线性的。这种非线性也适用于战争中的暴行，尤其是针对平民的暴行，在欧洲历史的很长一段时间里，平民必定是战争的主要受害者，尽管习惯法在理论上为他们提供了越来越多的保护。为了理解战争，我们必须去掉一些二进制文件。
War: A Genealogy of Western Ideas and Practices (EPUB)
War has been conceptualised from a military perspective, but also from ethical, legal, and philosophical viewpoints. These different analytical perspectives are all necessary to understand the many dimensions war, the continua on which war is situated – from small-scale to large-scale, from limited in time or long, from less to extremely destructive, with varying aims, and degrees of involvement of populations.
Western civilisations have conceptualised war in binary ways denying the variety of manifestations of war along these continua. While binary definitions are necessary to capture different conditions legally, they hamper analysis. The binaries include inter-State and intestine war, just war and unjust war (the latter including insurgencies), citizen-soldiers and professionals, civilians and combatants. Yet realities have mostly straddled such demarcations. Even citizen-armies have usually included professionals, civilians have been treated as enemies and sometimes even formally defined as enemies, and rules have not conformed with binary distinctions, if they were respected at all.
While customary rules governing the conduct of war have been turned into International Law, this is the only aspect of war that has developed in a fairly linear way, while the rise, disappearance, and renaissance of the just war tradition has been anything but linear. This non-linearity also applies to the brutality with which war has been fought, especially towards civilians, who for long stretches of European history must have been the main victims of war, notwithstanding increasing protection they were afforded in theory by customary law. To understand war, we must shed some of these binaries.

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