不完全是撒谎：美国历史上的假新闻和假新闻[有声读物]

早在当前对“假新闻”的关注之前，美国报纸就经常刊登严格来说不完全真实的报道。今天，事实和谎言之间的严格界限是新闻实践的一个标志，然而对于跨越三个多世纪的许多读者和出版商来说，这种区别似乎很模糊，甚至无关紧要。大约在20世纪初，决心提高自己行业声誉的记者确立了职业规范和客观性目标。
然而，图彻认为，外在形式的真实性的创造为虚假提供了新的机会：只要新闻看起来是真实的，它就不一定是真实的。宣传、虚假信息和倡导——无论是在印刷品、广播、电视还是网络上——都可以被精心设计成与真实事物相似的东西。这种“假新闻”与右翼政治密不可分，已经成为政治两极分化的重要驱动力。这本书及时地考虑了当新闻不完全真实时公共生活会发生什么。
Not Exactly Lying: Fake News and Fake Journalism in American History [Audiobook]
Long before the current preoccupation with “fake news”, American newspapers routinely ran stories that were not quite, strictly speaking, true. Today, a firm boundary between fact and fakery is a hallmark of journalistic practice, yet for many readers and publishers across more than three centuries, this distinction has seemed slippery or even irrelevant. Around the start of the 20th century, journalists who were determined to improve the reputation of their craft established professional norms and the goal of objectivity.
However, Tucher argues, the creation of outward forms of factuality unleashed new opportunities for falsehood: News doesn’t have to be true as long as it looks true. Propaganda, disinformation, and advocacy – whether in print, on the radio, on television, or online – could be crafted to resemble the real thing. This “fake journalism” became inextricably bound up with right-wing politics, to the point where it has become an essential driver of political polarization. This book is a timely consideration of what happens to public life when news is not exactly true.

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