医疗垄断：知识产权与现代制药工业的起源

在19世纪的大部分时间里，医生和药剂师都认为医疗专利和药品制造商使用商标是不道德的垄断形式；开专利药的医生可能被医学界排斥，也可能被排斥。然而，在内战后的几十年里，专利法和商标法的复杂变化与医生和药剂师不断变化的情感交织在一起，使药品生产中的知识产权在科学和道德上合法化。到第一次世界大战时，专利和商标药物已成为良好医学实践的关键，有助于美国制药业的崛起，并永远改变了医学进程。
《医疗垄断》利用了大量以前未使用的档案材料，结合了法律、医学和商业历史，对当今制药行业和医疗实践之间复杂且经常令人不安的关系的起源提供了全新的解释。约瑟夫·M·加布里埃尔（Joseph M.Gabriel）提供了与19世纪制药行业有关的专利和商标法的第一部详细历史，以及对医学伦理、治疗改革、，以及第一次世界大战前对药品市场进行监管的努力。他的书不仅对医学史学家、科学史学家和知识产权学者感兴趣，而且对任何关注当代制药行业、科学发现的专利申请以及广告在市场中的作用的人也感兴趣。
Medical Monopoly: Intellectual Property Rights and the Origins of the Modern Pharmaceutical Industry
During most of the nineteenth century, physicians and pharmacists alike considered medical patenting and the use of trademarks by drug manufacturers unethical forms of monopoly; physicians who prescribed patented drugs could be, and were, ostracized from the medical community. In the decades following the Civil War, however, complex changes in patent and trademark law intersected with the changing sensibilities of both physicians and pharmacists to make intellectual property rights in drug manufacturing scientifically and ethically legitimate. By World War I, patented and trademarked drugs had become essential to the practice of good medicine, aiding in the rise of the American pharmaceutical industry and forever altering the course of medicine.
Drawing on a wealth of previously unused archival material, Medical Monopoly combines legal, medical, and business history to offer a sweeping new interpretation of the origins of the complex and often troubling relationship between the pharmaceutical industry and medical practice today. Joseph M. Gabriel provides the first detailed history of patent and trademark law as it relates to the nineteenth-century pharmaceutical industry as well as a unique interpretation of medical ethics, therapeutic reform, and the efforts to regulate the market in pharmaceuticals before World War I. His book will be of interest not only to historians of medicine and science and intellectual property scholars but also to anyone following contemporary debates about the pharmaceutical industry, the patenting of scientific discoveries, and the role of advertising in the marketplace.

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