1998年流行的改革运动推翻了苏哈托总统的政权，要求结束国家官员的非法行为，从侵犯人权到裙带关系的投资。然而今天，事实证明，这种做法比人们希望的更难以改革。许多人说，印尼的腐败根深蒂固。我们认为，正是这种根深蒂固的性格需要关注。什么是根深蒂固的国家违法性？它是如何根深蒂固的？这包括研究实际案例。我们的观察结果使我们重新思考了关于印度尼西亚国家性质的基本观点，尤其是关于其社会嵌入性的观点。我们的结论是，国家官员的非法行为不仅是对国家的扭曲，也是对国家的扭曲。非法行为几乎总是作为集体、有模式、有组织和协作行为的一部分发生，与争夺政治权力和获取国家资源有关。腐败行为显然排除了许多没有关系的人，但也起到了整合和稳定的作用。尤其是在社会阶梯的低端，它完成了很多事情，而且通常被认为是合法的。
The State and Illegality in Indonesia
The popular 1998 reformasi movement that brought down President Suharto’s regime demanded an end to illegal practices by state officials, from human rights abuse to nepotistic investments. Yet today, such practices have proven more resistant to reform than people had hoped. Many have said corruption in Indonesia is entrenched. We argue it is precisely this entrenched character that requires attention. What is state illegality entrenched in and how does it become entrenched? This involves studying actual cases. Our observations led us to rethink fundamental ideas about the nature of the state in Indonesia, especially regarding its socially embedded character. We conclude that illegal practices by state officials are not just aberrations to the state, they are the state. Almost invariably, illegality occurs as part of collective, patterned, organized and collaborative acts, linked to the competition for political power and access to state resources. While obviously excluding many without connections, corrupt behaviour also plays integrative and stabilizing functions. Especially at the lower end of the social ladder, it gets a lot of things done and is often considered legitimate.
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